review pau 2010 I have put several of Plato PAU exams. Remember
missing a question, that is realcionados text with a contemporary philosophical idea or problem, or another author of APOC to be.
You can start them now.
Not all not correspond with the texts of this year. You can make whatever you want, the texts themselves or others.
Then, oh, Glaucon! "I said, do not we have already here the melody itself runs the dialectical art? Which, though understandable, is imitated by the faculty of sight, which we said we try and look at the animals themselves, and then the stars themselves, and finally, the sun itself. And similarly, when one uses the dialectic to try to address, with the help of reason and without interference from any sense to what each thing in itself, and when it withdraws to reach, with the sole help of the intelligence what is good in itself, then it is because the term itself in the intelligible, just as it was then that of the visible.
"Exactly," he said.
- So what? Is not this what you call dialectic trip?
- Why not? "And free of the chains," I said and turn from the shadows to the images and the fire, and climb from the cave to the spot illuminated by the sun and there can not yet see the animals or plants or to sunlight, but only those that are divine reflections in the water and shadows of real people, though no longer in the shadows of images cast by other light, compared to the sun, is similar to them, behold the effects produced by all that study of science that we have listed, which amounts to the best part of the soul to the contemplation of the best of beings, the same So before amounted to the most perpicaz the body to the contemplation of the brightest that exists in the material and visible region.
"For my part," he said, and I admit it. However, I think is very hard to admit, although it is also difficult, on the other hand, reject it. Anyway, since there are things that have to be heard only at this time, instead we must return to them many times, suppose this is as yet been said and go to the melody itself and us study the same So what we did with the introduction. Tell us then, what is the nature of the dialectic faculty and how many species are divided and what are their roads, because they finally look set to be leading to that place once they got to where we can rest from our trip and ended.
- But no longer will be able to follow me, dear Galucón "I said, though not for lack of goodwill on my part, and then would contemplate, not the image of what we say but the truth itself, or at least I understand that. Be so or not will be, that about it not worth discussing, but what can be maintained semenjante there is anything you need to see. Is not it?
- Why not?
- Is not it true that the dialectic is the only authority that can show it to anyone who understood what we counter has little, and can not get there any other way?
- it also deserves to be maintained, "he said.
- Here's one thing at least, "I said that no one can say against what they say, is that there is another method to try, in all cases and for each thing in itself, systematically grasp what each one of them. For almost all other arts deal or on the opinions and desires of men or on births and Fabrice, or are entirely devoted to the care of things as born and plant opens. And the other, of which we said we apprehended something that exists, ie, geometry and those that follow, and we do not do more than dream with what exists, but will be incaaces to contemplate while awake, using assumptions, leave them intact by not being able to account for them. Indeed, when the principle is what one does not know and the conclusion and intermediate part are intertwined with what you do not know, what chance is there that a concatenation semenjante will ever be known?
- No, "he said.
XIV. "Then I said, the dialectical method is the only one, breaking down the assumptions, is moving towards the very beginning to tread on firm ground there, and the eye of the soul that is truly lost in a quagmire barbaric, it attracts softness and elevates heights, using as auxiliaries in this work of art attraction has some listed, that although we have routinely called many times knowledge, you need another name that can be applied to something clearer than the view, but darker than knowledge .
Plato, The Republic, 532 a-533 d.
I. Questions
1. Analyze the student on meaning in the text are the concepts of "dialectic" and "contemplation."
2. Explain the student / the reasons why Plato states that the dialectic is the only authority that can show the truth in it.
But since you will not be able to follow, my dear Glaucon, "I said, though not for lack of goodwill on my part, and then would contemplate, not the image of what we say but the truth itself, or at least what I understand that. Be so or not will be, that about it not worth discussing, but what can be maintained is that there is something similar that you need to see. Is not it?
- Why not?
- Is not it true that the dialectic is the only authority that can show it to anyone who understood what was little we counter, and can not get there any other way?
- it also deserves to be maintained, "he said.
- Behold a thing at least, "I said that no one can say against what they say, is that there is another method to try, in all cases and for each thing in itself, systematically grasp what each one of them. For almost all other arts deal or on the opinions and desires of men or on births and fabrications, or are entirely devoted to the care of the things born and made. And the other, of which we said we apprehended something that exists, ie, geometry and those that follow, and we do not do more than dream of what exists, but will be unable to contemplate while awake, using a hypothesis, they leave intact not able to account for them. Indeed, when the principle is what one does not know and the conclusion and intermediate part are intertwined with what you do not know, what chance is there that a similar concatenation will ever be known?
- No, "he said.
- So, "I said, the dialectical method is the only one, breaking down the assumptions, is moving towards the very beginning to tread on firm ground there, and the eye of the soul that is truly lost in a quagmire barbarian, attracts gently and rises to the heights, using this work as helpers in their attraction to the arts has recently listed, that although we have routinely called many times knowledge, they need another name that can be applied to something clearer than the view, but darker than knowledge. At some point before using the word "thought", but it seems to me to be arguing over names who have before them an inquiry about things as important as now we.
Plato. The Republic
I. Questions
1. Discuss the student the meaning they have in the text the notions of "freedom dialectic" and "arts."
2. Explain the student the reasons why Plato said: "The dialectical method is the only one, breaking down the assumptions, is moving towards the very beginning to tread solid ground there. "Drafting
I. Education and types of knowledge in Plato.
So there is no doubt," I said that such will not have anything more real than the shadows of objects made.
- It is entirely forced, "he said.
- Reviews, as I said, what if they were released from their chains and cured of their ignorance, and if, in its nature, it will happen next. When one of them was loose and forced to rise suddenly and neck and walk back and look at the light, and when, to do all this, feel pain and, because of the Chiribitos not be able to see objects whose shadows were before, what answer if you think someone said previously saw only shadows inane and is only now, being closer to reality and face the real objects, has a more real, and if the objects showing pass and forcing him to answer their own questions about what each one of them? Do not you think it would be perplexed and had previously referred to would seem more real than what was then showed him?
- Much more, "he said.
- And if forced to fix their eyes on the light itself, do not you think it would hurt the eyes and to escape, turning to those objects that can be contemplated, and that consider that these objects are actually lighter than it shows?
- Yes, "he said.
- And if you take him away by force, "I said, forcing him to travel the rough and steep climb, and did not leave before it has been dragged into the sunlight, do not you think that would badly suffer and be dragged and that, once come to light, would your eyes so full of it would not be able to see even one of the things we now call real?
- No, it would not be able to, "he said, at least for now.
- would need to get used to, I think, to get to see things up. What would be easier, above all the shadows, then, images of men and other objects reflected in water, and later, the objects themselves. And after that it would be easier to contemplate the things of the night sky and the sky itself, fixing his eyes on the light of the stars and the moon, the day see the sun and what is proper.
- Why not?
- And finally, I think, would be the sun, but not their images reflected in water or other foreign place to him but the sun itself in its domain and as he is in himself, he would be in able to look and contemplate.
- necessarily, "he said. - So what? When she remembered her previous science room and there and of his former fellow prisoners, do not you think that would be considered happy to have changed and I pity them?
- Indeed.
- And if there had been among them some honor or praise or rewards granted to each other that, with greater penetration to discern the shadows passing and remember them better among them were those who used to spend before or after or with others, were more able than anyone to prophesy based on this, what would happen, do you think that nostalgia feel of these things, or envy those who enjoyed honors or among those powers, or what would happen to Homer, that is, strongly prefer "to work the land in the service of another man without wealth" or suffer any other purpose than to live in that world of the moot?
- That's what I think, "he said, would prefer any other destination before that life.
- Now look at this, "I said: yes, become the so down there again occupy the same seat, do not you think that he would fill the eyes of darkness, as he suddenly stops sunlight?
- Certainly, "he said.
- And if I had to compete again with those who had chained pemanecido constantly, thinking about those shadows, not yet having been settled eyes, go with difficulty and it would be too short a time as needed to get used - do not give that laugh and not tell him that, not having risen above the eyes has become damaged, and that's not worth even attempting a similar climb? And do not kill, if they find a way to get your hands and kill him, who tried to untie and let them go?
Plato. The Republic
I. Questions
1. Explain the conceptual meaning that Plato gives in the text to the allegorical expressions "light" "shadows", "true vision", "G ... ... who governs all the visible region."
2. Students explain how the speaker argument based puedse to assent to the question "What does not kill ... anyone who tried to untie and let them go?".
I.
Science Writing, opinion and counsel among men. No wonder
said.
- Rather said, "any reasonable person should remember that there are two ways and two causes by which they dazzle the eyes: to move from light to darkness and to pass from darkness to light. And, once thought the same thing also happens to the soul, not laugh wildly when he saw one, which, being dazed, unable to discern the objects, but will find out if, coming from a life light, blinded by lack of practice or, better going from ignorance to a greater light, has been dazzled by excess of it, and so happy to be considered the first soul, so driving and live and pity to the other, or if you laugh at it, that your laughter will be less ridiculous if you were making fun of the soul that descends from the light.
- It is very reasonable, 'he said what you say.
- It is necessary therefore "I said, that if this is true, we consider the following about it: that education is not as some claim they are. In fact, they say, I believe, they provide knowledge to the soul that does not have the same view so if you infuse some blind eyes.
- in fact they say they agreed.
- Now, the discussion now, "I said shows that this power exists in the soul of each, and the organ with which each learns are again, departing from what is born with the soul of the whole- so that the eye is not able to turn toward the light, leaving the darkness, but in the company of the whole body, until they are able to cope with the contemplation of being, which is that what we call good. Is not it?
- That's right.
- therefore I said, there may be an art of discovering what the easiest and most effective way for this body to become, but not instill vision, but to seek to correct that, holding and is not returned where it should not look where it's necessary.
- It seems, "he said.
- And so, while the other virtues, called virtues of the soul, they may be quite similar to those of the body, because, although initially there may actually be later produced through custom and practice - in the knowledge that is the case that appears to belong to something indeed more divine than ever loses its power and, depending on where they are again, it is useful and beneficial or otherwise, useless and harmful. Or do you not observed how miserable soul perceived sharpness of those who are said to be evil, but intelligent and discerning than that toward penetration, which becomes, because he has poor eyesight and is obliged to serve to evil, so that the higher the acuity of his gaze, the more will the evils that make the soul?
Plato. The Republic. Book VII I. Questions I. Editorial
Education, knowledge and good in Plato.
You have again forgotten, my friend, I said, that the law is not interested in anything that is in the city a particular class enjoying happiness, but because it strives to happen to the entire city, and it introduces harmony among the citizens by persuasion or force, that some do it to other participants of the profits that each may be useful to the community and itself in the city as men of that class, but not to let everyone turns to anywhere, but to do them herself towards the unification of the state.
- True, "said" I forgot about it.
- Well, now notes, "I said, Glaucon Oh!, Which we will not harm the philosophers who have between us, but to compel reasonable words, to take care of others and protect them. We will say that it is natural that people such that there is in other cities do not participate in the work of them, because they are alone, against the will of their governments, and when someone is alone and should not nobody upbringing, it's just that not worry anyone to reinstate the amount of it. But I have begotten you us, for yourselves and for the rest of the city, as chiefs and kings, such as hives, better and fully educated and more capable than those, therefore, to participate in both. You have, therefore, to go down one after another to the housing of others and get used to seeing in the dark. Once used, you will see far better than those in there and know what each image and how it is, because you have seen and the truth about what is beautiful and what is just and good. And so, our and your city will live in the light of day, not in dreams, how they live now most of them at the hands of those who fight with each other by empty shadows or vie for control as if it were some great well. But the truth is, I believe the following: the city in which are less eager to be rulers who have to be, that must necessarily happen to live better with less dissent than none, and you have another class of rulers, so different.
- indeed, "he said.
- Do you think therefore that we disobey the pupils when they hear this, and refuse to share in turn the work of the community, living much time left together and the world of the pure?
- Impossible, "he said. They are just men who will sort things fair. But there is no doubt that each will go to the government as something inevitable, unlike those who now rule in different cities.
- That's right, mate, "I said. If you find how to provide those who have to send a better life than the ruler, you may get to have a well-governed city, as this will be the only one who send the truly rich, who are not gold, but what you have to have plenty to be happy: a good life and judicious.
Plato. The Republic. Book VII
I. Questions
1. What is the role of "law" in the city?
2. What is the relationship in the text of Plato between true knowledge and politics?
I. Editorial
city government and good and wise life
The Platonic theory of Ideas. 
- It is clear, "he said after that would come to think of it another. 
2. What is special knowledge? 