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Its origins

Some exploits of the Inquisition

famous Inquisitors =====================

Its origins

When

Tibet entered the Indian thought as did other foreign religions such as Manichaeism of the Uighur Turks , Nestorianism of Iran, Islam and Chinese thought with his knowledge of medicine and astrology. With these mixtures, from the eleventh century Lamaism took a very particular, while Dali-Lama was the head of a monarchy theocratic feudal and systematically violated human rights, including by military through a kind of Inquisition, the dop-dop or monk-soldiers. Thus the monasteries became centers of power, both spiritual and political and military while being supported by important noble families. It's curious coincidence of religious attitudes and simultaneous in Christian Europe and the Asia pagan.

casual Another coincidence is that Tsongkhapa (+1419 to 62 years) reformed the Tibetan religion and founded the Gelugpa sect the Community "yellow" as opposed to the old "Community "Red Padmasambhada. In Europe, the Benedictines, who dress in black, were reformed by the Cistercians who will wear white as then the Dominicans. The reform emphasized the monastic discipline, celibacy of the monks and the study of texts. Tsongkhapa founded the great monasteries of Sera and Depung near Lhasa who became lamaica education campuses with specialized faculties. Salta single question: Who is copying who?

Evidently the mentality of the time "warranted" to each other, here and there, acting the same way, have the same policy. The Catholic Church mounted its Inquisition and has been doing as Tibetan Buddhists and Christians will Calvinist reformers and more religious groups here and there.

In early Christianity, as taught by St. Paul, anathematized the heretical or, as John said, the antichrist, but obviously not even tip him a push. The thing is the gospel twisting and away in the fourth century when Christianity is decreed by the emperor as the sole state religion. There is mounting the mess. Still in the V century Augustine adopt-albeit limited-state action against heretics as the Church is in general disapprove of corporal punishment but boasts that they are public penance for sinners repented and confessed.

During the first Christian millennium was always heretics but simply condemned their errors in provincial synods and councils "universal" and hence, it is known, it is not happening. 1184 was the year that the Inquisition was founded by Pope Julius III in the bull Ad abolendam , was the embryo of the Tribunal of the Inquisition and then called the "Holy Office" in the twentieth century the name changed again to called "Sacred Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith." Was by Vatican II which deleted the word "sacred" and became the congregation to dry (CDF). No longer shake the church-like Pilate washing his hands, ordered the punishment to the laity, once they had delivered the sentence.

shame for themselves and others, the bull said: "A previous [...] add provisions that any archbishop or bishop, by himself or through his archdeacon or other honest and appropriate, one or two times a year, inspect the parishes in which suspected heretics dwell, and there compel three or more men of good repute, or appears necessary for the whole neighborhood, under oath indicating that the bishop or archdeacon if they know there heretics, hold meetings or some hidden or detract from the life, customs and treatment of the faithful " ^.

history began in the Languedoc, in times of Dominic and Dominicans, for dealing with the Cathar or Albigensian heresy. In 1249 was founded the kingdom of Aragon, from Ferdinand and Isabella, by uniting the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon to form the single kingdom of Spain, called the English Inquisition.

The first director of the Inquisition of Hungary was Hungarus Paulus, one of the first Dominicans, who defended the pagan Hungarians shamans using his great influence with Pope Innocent III, and even said that they worshiped the sun worship the supreme being who was God, so there was reason to condemn people. However, Paulus was removed and replaced by a stricter religious to 1232.

The Inquisition of the Christians of the Lutheran Reformation also persecute its heretics, Anabaptists of all, and will focus on the so-called witch-hunt. His mentality was assumed that the number of run @ s was much higher than the Catholic. But it is sad that over the centuries, Catholics still contented with saying, "and you more."

Some exploits of the Inquisition

The February 17, 2000, to commemorate the 400 anniversary of the condemnation of the Dominican Giordano Bruno (+1600 to 52 years ) the then Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo Sodano, and President of the Pontifical Council for Culture, Cardinal Paul Poupard, on behalf of John Paul II apologized for the decision of the Inquisition that led Bruno to the stake. This does not mean that the Church retract his condemnation of doctrinal errors. Giordano Bruno Copernicus tried to reconcile and Democritus but fell into the materialistic and pantheistic error of identifying the universe with divine power. The Teacher asked her to resign to show that pantheism and suffered imprisonment. The case is different from Galileo to recant itself is a (logically) the conviction of those scientific theories in which neither the church nor the church have no power or average.

John Paul II, to the historical and theological Congress studying anti-Semitism and the Inquisition, he apologized for the attitude against Jan Hus, Czech reformer and rector of Prague University, who two centuries earlier had also been burned alive at the stake in 1415 by decision of Council of Constance. Preached denouncing the vices of the clergy and weaknesses of the Church, but assuming some theories of English Wyclef. He had been excommunicated in 1411 and 12 but never recanted.

When Florence was defeated by Milan in 1433, fell the Medici and established the Republic (1494-1512), then had another Dominican, Girolamo Savonarola , Abbot of a Florentine convent, which was rigorous and also preached against the corruption of the clergy and the Church. Was an enemy of Alexander VI, and disobey the pope, was excommunicated. He challenged the pope to the acid test: he accepted a Franciscan Florentine (which was outside of these messes), and the people passionately want to see proof. But the Pope forbade the two fires were lit, there was general disappointment when it came Savonarola, but another Dominican. The Franciscans protested and city leaders sent people home. A Dominican Savonarola and 2 others were hanged and publicly burned.

Savonarola tried to establish a theocratic popular democracy but he cut short the bankers, after Charles V restored the Medici as Duke in 1532. Suarez and Bellarmine taught democracy but could not influence the Catholic world, only in the Protestant universities and in the Constitution of the USA (cf. Francisco Martin. History of the Church (II), Word (2 nd ed) 2000, pp 22 - 23).

Also in France was executed Joan of Arc (+1412), aged 19, burned alive by the Inquisition to be tried heretic and put the sentence in the English secular hands. At age 13 he had inner voices they said they would deliver it appeared Orleans and St. Michael, St. Catherine and St. Margaret. At 17, he persuaded the captain of the king to allow him a horse and an escort, and dressed as a man went to meet him. The fool tried doing that King Charles is disguised as an either while another had him dress as a king. To the general amazement, recognized the king concealed among the attendees. She was canonized in 1920 and 10 July is the French national holiday memory.

Juan de Ávila (+1569 to 69 years) , priest, employer English secular clergy, was an apostle of Andalusia, but his Jewish ancestry was an excuse for him to investigate the Inquisition. He led many souls, including St. Francis de Borja and San Ignacio was a friend of Saint Teresa, Saint Peter of Alcantara, Fray Luis de Granada and San Juan de Dios. Paul VI canonized him in 1970.

one thing is clear that the doctrine or the Christian theory and practice or other act of some Christians who do not fit the theory. No theory can be neglected because there is one (s) that the live bad or vice versa. No words, that the Church has to change based on mistakes or scandals of some of its members. It is a fundamental point of dialogue.

Inquisitors illustrious

Calbó Bernardo (+1243), Cistercian abbot of Santas Creus when he was appointed bishop of Vic and then inquisitor of the Crown of Aragon. He urged the men to continue the reconquista.

Pedro (+1252), a Dominican living in Santo Domingo who helped create the Marian confraternities, and toured many cities in Italy, ended up in Milan where he was appointed inquisitor. He was killed in Fargo, on the way to Milan.

Raimundo de Peñafort (+1275 to 99 years) , Dominican Pedro Nolasco collaborator in the founding of Mercy , was charged with organizing the preaching of the Crusades and the Inquisition in Majorca. Influential in political, religious and scientific time, confessor of Pope Gregory IX and James I, he left his mark on the Parliament of the Kingdom of Aragon. Canonized in 1601 by Clement VIII. Patron of canonists.

Sixtus IV (1471-1984) entitled Piscator minority in the prophecy of Saint Malachy, is the pope who allowed the English Inquisition instrument outside of government. The people considered him more a prince and not the most powerful. He was General of the Franciscan Order, then a cardinal. He was pious and blameless priest but weak character. As they died the elderly cardinals of his time, he named many new, young, vicious and unworthy nobles, who will decide the election of Alexander VI. Without action to give, give and spend, it was called mare magnum ; gave indulgences to spray and pray : like a business either. Privileges given to princes to appoint bishops when it seemed that governments would by the state churches.

Juan Capistrano (+1456 to 70 years) , Franciscan patron of military chaplains, was governor of the city, near Naples, but when he met St Francis of Assisi, he left his promised, their dependents and property and became a monk. Was inquisitor to Italy and, given his diplomatic skills, 4 potatoes relied on him for the dirty or unpleasant jobs that nobody wanted. He was very vain and wanted to overcome this defect riding a donkey in a poor season and sitting upside down with a paper hat that had labeled "I am a miserable sinner." Certainly not gone unnoticed and people would throw garbage and you whistling. He struggled to subdue the Fraticelli . Everything done in the name of Christ but his uncompromising zeal is much criticized, as it was during his stay in Bohemia where he fought against the Hussites .

Pedro de Arbués (+1485 to 44), canon regular of Zaragoza, was Inquisitor General of Aragon with Torquemada. Heretics, as they tried to bribe and did not, he was killed Sept. 14 while he was praying in the cathedral.

To Luther ran out of patience because Rome refused to change anything and started to reform their own in 1517. It was not just a reform customs of the dogma but also because, first claimed the spirit of the early Christians but, blinded by pride, altered the doctrinal content as interpreted some aspects had a poor theological development and that too many theological opinions had become dogmas taxes by legal means.

Two decades after Paulo III (+1549 to 81 years), the 220 th successor of St. Peter's reform began "official", known as Counter-facing resistance from the Vatican Curia to any reform that affect her status. To do so named cardinals the reformers as Contarini, Caraffa, Morone, etc., and 37 managed to get the "party of reform" was mostly in the College of Cardinals. Caraffa asked to reorganize the Roman Inquisition to halt the penetration of heresy and, as a great innovation, prepared the "Index of Forbidden Books," seed of the "Congregation of the Index," which in 1557 created Caraffa being and Papa.

The old Cardinal Juan Pedro Caraffa 79, but amazing physical and spiritual force, was elected pope and took the name Paul IV (1555-1959). It's titled De fide Petri by the prophet Malachi. He died without wanting to eat or take medicines not to miss the fasts that had been imposed. Complex and paradoxical personality, I wanted to be a reformer but with the mentality of Innocent III, for it was ridiculous and anachronistic confrontation with Philip II. The Duke of Alva, Viceroy of Naples, Rome attacked (with support from theologians of Louvain and Melchor Cano) and the pope sought alliance with Henry II of France although they were defeated at San Quentin (10-VIII-57). In fact the Duke of Alba did not attack Rome, just wanted to make an exhibition of English power. Caraffa

belonged to the Society of Divine Love with St. Cajetan of Thiene with whom he founded the teatinos . Regardless of the council wanted to reform and with a seamless College of Cardinals, including the future Pope Pius V.

achieved much on the residence of the bishops of Rome swarmed over 110 bishops and 59 was no more than a dozen but to work in the Vatican. He wanted to assimilate the Capuchin Franciscans and the Jesuits pretending teatinos address the friars "dervishes" Vagrancy true of Rome organized a police force against them and made them disappear.

the death of organized riots, looting his family breaking his marble statue in the Capitol ,...: sign that he had acted repressively.

Pius V (+1572 to 68 years) , Dominican was elected pope on a proposal from St. Charles Borromeo, to succeed Pius IV, taking into the curriculum have been Commissioner General of the Roman Inquisition (1551), bishop of Nepi and Sutri (1556), Inquisitor General and Cardinal (1558).

Juan José de la Cruz (+1734 to 80 years) , is the monk who used Alcantarino reformer thirty years in broadcasting in Italy, the reform that St. Peter of Alcantara was established in Spain. Then ran the "Age of Enlightenment 'rationalism and he fainted in ecstasy, he read the hearts and announced the future, he drew on ulcers and spiritual pains of their neighbors. All these facts were verified by severe inquisitors.

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The Inquisition in Christianity Cults (IV) in Sects

Sects in Medieval Christianity (3)

Reform needed

Brothers of the Free Spirit

"Today we have a sense of gratitude and responsibility " wrote John Paul II, as has happened in the history of humanity from the birth of Christ, especially the events between the Thousand and Two Thousand. In a very particular faith we look to this world of ours, looking at it all that bears witness not only human history but also of divine intervention in human affairs " (Tertio Millennio Adveniente, 17).

A look of faith, as suggested by Pope Wojtyla, lights and shadows, well done and the mistakes of men believers to make a serious examination of conscience and cross the threshold of the third millennium (cf. TMA, 33-36) with the dream and hope not to repeat the errors with the grace of God.

Reform needed

While in 1291 Acre fell in Turkish, Europe is bloodied and shaken with social conflicts. Fight over the imperial throne Albert of Austria, the enemy of Philip French IV the Fair, and Adolfo's done. France against England in the Gascony and Aquitaine. In southern Italy fight Angevin, friends of Pope Boniface against Aragonese-Sicilians, friends of the Colonna. Venice, Genoa and Pisa Eastern struggle for hegemony. In Tuscany fight Guelphs and Ghibellines . The Guelph are supporters of the bourgeois public (the aristocracy of money) and imposed on the old aristocracy of blood or old feudal nobility (the Ghibellines ). Dante, of old noble family, opt for the new Guelph. Over time, these are broken in two: the "white " industrial bourgeoisie lost in Florence at the "black" Dante belongs and that's why condemn him to a fine and two years in prison for what he never returned to Florence since went to Rome as ambassador. The "black " are workers and artisans who join the Ghibellines , namely the old feudal aristocracy.

attacks can give the church in Denmark, Portugal, England and France.

The fourteenth century seems the end of the Middle Ages as Philip the Handsome is no longer the service of religion, but considered a cog in their political interests, or the Church serves the State or the State uses the Church, the pendulum continues to swing from one extreme (clericalism) to another (secularism .)

church's meddling in temporal affairs, even by force of arms, is an eternal temptation and remember the gospel with swords in the Last Supper and in Gethsemane and other passages.

the middle of the first millennium, Pope St. Gregory the Great (+604 to 64 years) had accepted the request of the Emperor to direct the defense of Rome against the attack of Lombards. Since then, may be considered king of all the particular churches governed by bishops, princes who have the temporal power over the peoples of Europe.

Mental confusion identifies the religious institution (community of disciples of Christ) with society (civil) that is absorbed and buried. The following practice will want to abolish the democratic dimension of society (civil and religious) that seek to sprout in one way or another. The Church, as a multinational state, establishes the rigid centralism and the absolutist monarchy. The company has been anesthetized and laity in the Church are seen as a threat.

premiering the second millennium, Pope Gregory VII (+1085 to 65 years), elected in 1073, prohibited the secular power, under pain of excommunication, to bishoprics, which led to the unanimous protest of all the feudal lords. Emperor Henry IV of Germany was considered subversive and revolutionary. A few weeks after the Pope wrote 27 theses on the concept of papal power, calling attention to two of them: " has the power to depose emperors " (n. 12) and " impossible to separate the subjects of allegiance given to the wicked "(n. 27). Entirely new idea fruit of his personal interpretation of the Gospel (Jn 21.17 and 16.16 to 20 Mt) run thus: " if the Apostolic See has the power to judge of spiritual things, more so the time will have on that are worth less. Everything inside the church, is under the Pope, then the kings and emperors are subject to Pope. "

The Brothers of the Free Spirit

So they called the "heretical" or "stray German" imitators of the Cathars, perhaps called beggini in northern France, Belgium and the Rhineland as and are mentioned for the first time in a chronicle of Cologne (1209) encompassing Cathars, pantheistic and quietist in northern France.

exalt voluntary poverty and live on alms. Are pantheistic or quietist who seek paradise lost innocence and the deification of the formal, then the soul can not sin, is free, and practice freedom of spirit and flesh (free love). After the Council of Vienne (1311), which suppresses the Templars, the Inquisition, makes them disappear.

Beghards (men's) and Beguine (female) are religious movements XII and XIII, extravagant mystic called "Franciscans of the South" by the Germans or "spiritual" to others. In the current economic conditions and the "surplus" women in the nobility and gentry, Beguine bloom. Imitating develop Franciscans and even if they are, as the Guadiana River, re-emerge in the seventeenth although the French Revolution and modern life will lead them to extinction.

The Beguine are a female community of lay women, active and contemplative, without monasteries or common rule or mother-house dedicated to charity and intellectual work. single and widowed, with no votes, as "pious" English and "humiliate" Lombard. They live in crowded and enclosed houses, about 100 as a city, with nursing, streets, plazas, particular church, novitiate and convent for those who want community life.

born in Belgium in 1170 when the pious women fail to fit into the monasteries and comply with their own home or their parents. were founded by Father Lambert Le Begue, critical of the clergy and who died in 1180 accused of heresy. Cardinal Protector, in 1216, won approval Pope Honorius III. They spread through Holland, Germany, Austria, Poland, France, Italy and Spain. In Belgium and the Rhineland become 5% of the urban female population. In Ghent, one of three beginagios had 800 members! They are dedicated to works of mercy and textile crafts (sizing fabrics). Beghine famous intellectuals are Hadewyich of Antwerp (+1240) and the German mystic Mechthild of Magdeburg (+1282 to 75 years).

In 1310 Margaret died at the stake for translating Porete vulgar language to German mystic Johannes Eckhart. This encouraged to that, two years later, the Council of Vienne condemned. Pope Nicholas V in 1452 forced them to become part of the Carmelites, both people and goods but in the sixteenth century Reformation joined the Anabaptists .

In Southern Europe (Italy, Catalonia and Provence) is called "Beguine" to "spiritual" Franciscans and their successors, the "fratricelos" when they were condemned in 1317. Also called the monks and the world, and its affiliates. Are influenced by mystical visionary Joachim of Fiore. They teach that the Roman Church (carnal and sinful) has already ceded to the Church of the Holy Spirit. They habit Gray (undyed wool) and San Francisco by the Franciscans changed to brown, not infidelity, but by prudence, so that people knew who was who.

The Beghards are "religious laity" Belgian and Rhenish caregivers, dementia and plague. They use old abandoned convent. They have separate houses for men and women, although some (Belgian, Dutch and Koln) are only working men and fabrics: called weavers or Beghards . In s. XV away to the industrial crisis.

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Christianity (III)

Sects in Christendom medieval (2)

The "Moravian Brethren" or Unitas Fratrum

The St. Anthony

Unitarian =================

Juan Pablo II, to Congress theological and historical studying anti-Semitism and the Inquisition, and itself Czech Republic and 95 in 1990 apologized for the attitude of the church with Jan Hus (+1415 to 43 years), burned alive at the stake in 1415, following the decision of Council of Constance. On the first trip said that "no one can deny the integrity of life and commitment to education and moral formation that characterized the nation (...) Jan Hus commend the experts and in particular the Czech theologians, to determine what role should the Church as reformer. " In the second trip said: "I, Pope of the Church of Rome on behalf of all Catholics, ask forgiveness for all the injustices inflicted on non-Catholics throughout this painful history. " was Pope Martin V (+1431), who ordered the crackdown, chosen to overcome the schism of Avignon and annihilate the council.

John Hus lived when the Church had two or three potatoes, during the schism of Avignon and protested against the scandal of indulgences in 1412 when Pope John XXII launched a war against the king of Naples and offered complete forgiveness of sins to those who support him.

picked up the ideas of Wyclef English (+1384 to 60 years), both began motivated by a sincere desire to reform the Church because they saw that the Roman Church had bottomed on corruption. But when confronted with an impregnable wall, not a few opted for the radical, without hierarchical authority, only the Bible, etc.. (A century before Luther) although some more moderate, requiring only the communion of both kinds for the laity and the free preaching of the Gospel.

The "Moravian Brethren" or Unitas Fratrum

The small remnant that remained after extinction of the Hussites, seeing who could not get into politics, chose to hide in privacy. William was the founder of the new group of the Brotherhood of the "Moravian Brethren" or Unitas Fratrum to start the new church, the persecution he fled to the mountains of the Lordship of Riechenau.

This new group " Moravian Brethren" or Unitas Fratrum is the fusion of the "Unity of brothers" with the sect "Jednota Bratrská" founded by Peter Chelcicky (+1460 to 70 years) a rich owner of Bohemia, inspired by the Waldenses, inveighed against the Church considered corrupt official at the time since Constantine. They said that the cult of the Virgin and the Saints is an aberration and the Exposition of the Blessed and the splendor of the liturgy. Proposed flee the city to the country and considered a mortal sin to do national service, be political, stylish and fun clothing. Saw science as useless and dangerous and only manual work is something worthy.

sought to Valdese to three bishops ordered them yours. The rich were required radical poverty, the Brotherhood deliver their private property. Accepted the public confession of sins and lived public Eucharistic communion of the two species (Calico or Utraquism). As the chalices were denied the sacraments, created their own clerics. Pastors were required to poverty and celibacy, creating an Audit Committee to make it reality. His only law is the Beatitudes, and for them there is no swearing or violence. Make community life and apostolate among families and professionals.

In the 90's were broken in two and the small group (your boss is named Amos) was clinging to the strict mandates of the Beatitudes 6. The large group in 1500 were about one hundred thousand in 400 communities but his second in command and began to ease and the third infections "Reform." In 1535 drafted Lutheran creed, in 1624 knew the exile and the 28-to recatolicación of Bohemia and Moravia were illegal and were exiled to Poland, Silesia and Hungary. With its absorption into the Reformation, lasted 167 years.

Some of Moravia, raised by Christian David in 1722, settled in the mountain hut with permission of the Earl Zinzedorf: are called Hernutitas . Pietism that attracted artisans oppressed. It was a theology of the cross and the love of neighbor to solve social problems. In 27 founded an orphanage and from 82 boarding schools with major pedagogues (vgr. Schleiermacher). The sisters served needy and refugees. In 32 there is already a first group mission "reformed" for black slaves and Eskimos.

In 1857 the British and Americans became independent and the only point of union is the General Synod with every ten years. The 31-XII-1965 326,607 were also issued by Prussia, England and USA. Today his "orders", they publish each year of biblical phrases, and slogans are used every day in popular calendars on-table. since 1948 belong to the World Council of Churches.

Johan Amos Comenius (+ 1670 at 78 ) , Moravian bishop-president of the "Moravian Brethren" writer and educator, was a complete theory of Pedagogy harmonize the theories of Plato, Augustine, Descartes, Bacon, Calvin, L uis Vives. Melanchthon, etc. understand that man is a microcosm of the universe whom God, as innate ideas, only puts the first principles. The experience is f undamental reasoning and designed a lesson plan from early childhood through college. It was a revolutionary pedagogy and used as audiovisual, defended the need to educate women, which is sometimes more subtle than men, suggested that there was no corporal punishment and did not seem right to be exhausted to the student with many hours of class study and homework.

The St. Anthony

In the nineteenth century such a Unternäshser founded the "Antonian " , another dissident group whose leader was called Swiss Son of God and claimed to have come to complete the imperfect work of Jesus, to abolish all courts of the land and to cancel all debts. He was sentenced to prison but then locked him in an insane asylum where he died in 1824.

A so-called group also was the medieval Order of the Tau or Order of the Knights of St. Anthony , enigmatic, based on Egypt taking the name of Saint Anthony Abbot and when medieval Europe was ravaged by a strange epidemic, ignis (sacred fire).

The Chronicles say gangrene of the extremities (feet, legs, hands, arms), in severe cases, the tissue becomes dry and black tips, mummified, fell without any bleeding. It was in the ninth century when 9 men Dauphine French wanted to go for the body of San Antonio as the West ran the news of the miracles wrought by Emperor of the East since they discovered his grave in the desert. In 1095 Pope Urban II adopted its constitution. They were lay people with black robes and blue tau chest until in 1218 Pope Honorius III were forced to make vows.

Juan Baltazar, a gentleman Abyssinian or Ethiopian prince pretended, narrates the foundation of the Order in a book published in Valencia in 1609, edited by Juan Vicente Franco. Said that the Order had been established in Ethiopia in 370 by the Ethiopian emperor John "The Saint" for fight against the Arians of the moment and the spirit of Saint Anthony Abbot.

seems that the later Emperor Juan Felipe VII forced the faithful to have three sons to preserve and provide growth. This mysterious Ethiopian Order once had a convent in each city, a total of almost 2,500 monasteries. Blas Antonio de Ceballos assume the thesis of Juan de Baltazar in his book published in Madrid in 1686.

The Order was related to the hospice of St. Stefano dei Mori in the Vatican City and town Castrojeriz emblematic of the Camino de Santiago, were the first English convent, promoted by Alfonso VII of Castile in 1146. The monastery, now in ruins, had a good sanctuary and a hospital specialized in healing the "sacred fire."

Unitarian

Since 1955, all groups or movements are integrated into the universalist unit say promote universal truths received from the prophets and teachers of humanity and synthesized so immortal in the Judeo-Christian heritage on the principle of love for God and men. In defending the unity of divine persons, deny the Trinity which is they are not Christian.

Anabaptists now are the most radical among them as intellectual inquiry deny any religion and just saying things that are not said in the Bible. Of these exotic groups have emerged as the Mennonite movement which includes the Amish, the Hutterites , the brothers of Christ , etc. Like the Amish, there are groups who do not believe in the baptism of children, and groups already existed in early Christianity and medieval. Its exotic way of life may be known by the movie "Witness" about them. In 1536 the Dutch priest Menno Simons joined the Catholic Church and took the ideas leading Anabaptist Mennonite movement. They fled to America in search of freedom as in Europe were persecuted.

The universalist intellectual movements appear from the English humanism J. Valdés, M. Servet, etc., And Italian humanism Padua, Venice and Vicenza. In Venice there was a focus Anabaptist and were expelled from the city in 1550 as Camilo Renato Francesco fled to Switzerland and went to Poland Stancaro a professor at the University of Krakow, with King Sigismund (1548-1972) was tolerant. The Jesuits started after recovering Catholic because there were many nobles and theologians infected.

All

would have ended if not for Fausto was Socinus Rakow who organized a community and in Florence 12 years enjoyed the patronage of Isabella de Medici until 1574, when he was 40. Calvinists and harassed by the Inquisition, fled to Poland. In 1562 he wrote a catechism that copied the English "Latitudinarians" the ancient tradition of the English biblical scholar. From there they jumped to USA radicalized the Chauning preacher trained in Europe at the school of Kant and Fichte. He was there as a natural ethical movement which sprang the Universalists.

The universalist are a sect, a "name" tell them, and unusual because not all groups feel the same, not even all agree on whether God exists. Some are Christians, some Jews, some Buddhists. It is a religion a la carte and can change without changing theological community. Some who deny the eternity of hell and refreshes apocatastasis Origins of universal restoration of all to God.

Poet Naomi Shihab Nye (b. 1952), on an Arab custom, wrote: The Arabs used to say, / / \u200b\u200bwhen a stranger appears to your door, / / \u200b\u200bfeed it three days before asking who he is, where is, / / \u200b\u200bwhere you are going. Thus, / / \u200b\u200bwill have enough strength to answer. / / O then / / are such good friends that you no longer care.

Simpson In some episodes there are for them. Children Flanders (evangelical fundamentalists) Bart plays with a video game that shoot bibles. Bart shoots an infidel and shouts excitedly, I gave him! But a Flanders added, no, you've only touched. Now is a unit.

In Sweden, the Lutheran Bishop Emmanuel Swedenborg (+1772 to 84 years) founded this light, "church of the New Jerusalem" and the U.S. sustain most unit. So John Mesrray (+1815 to 74 years) founded the independent church Christian universalists "who opposed Calvinist predestination, will last a short time. Hosea Ballon (+1852 to 81 years) drove him more and 99 took shape five points, yet because of his philosophy, would not be called "articles of faith": 1) universal fatherhood of God. 2) authority and leadership son God. 3 º) credibility of the Bible by having Revelation. 4 º) certainty of just retribution for sin. 5 º) final harmony of all to God.

In November 2008, Walt Minnick, the Democratic Party and member of the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Boise, Idaho, was elected to the U.S. Congress. It is the third member of U.S. Congress that is . Minnick is president and CEO of the company Summer Winds Garden Centers in Boise, the 10 th largest independent provider center garden supply in the United States of America. For 21 years he was an executive of the forest products industry in Idaho.

Madelyn Dunham, Barack Obama's maternal grandmother, a native of Kansas, a member of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Honolulu (Hawaii), died two days before election night that his grandson was elected President of USA.

In Mexico the Unitarian Congregation of Mexico League (LCUM). In July 2009 he was elected president a English-speaking by the UUA General Assembly (Unitarian Universalist Argentinos). The Assembly represents more than a thousand congregations USA and other countries. Thomas Jefferson, a Unitarian, was the president of USA who wrote the Declaration of Independence U.S..